Architecture, Trabzon

Nestled along the historic Silk Road, Erzurum Castle stands proudly in the region of Horasan - Pasinler - Erzurum, just 79 kilometers from Erzurum Province. While the exact date of its construction remains a mystery, historians believe the Byzantines erected this imposing fortress in the early 5th century A.D. Exploring the castle is like stepping back in time, with its ancient stones whispering tales of trade and conquest. The surrounding landscape offers breathtaking views, a testament to the strategic importance of this location. As you wander through its storied corridors, imagine the bustling caravans that once passed by, laden with silk and spices, connecting distant cultures. Erzurum Castle is not just a relic of the past, but a living reminder of a world where East met West.

Nestled on Cumhuriyet Caddesi in the heart of the city, Ulu Mosque is a gem that's easy to reach, thanks to its central location. This grand mosque is a testament to the architectural brilliance of the Anatolian Seljuk Period, showcasing all the hallmarks of that era. Its striking rectangular plan is a standout feature, inviting visitors to appreciate its design and history. While you're there, take a moment to soak in the serene atmosphere. The mosque not only serves as a place of worship but also as a cultural hub where locals gather, sharing stories and laughter. You'll find the intricate stonework and calligraphy captivating, each detail telling a story of its own. Don't miss the chance to explore the nearby streets, brimming with charming cafes and shops, offering a taste of the local lifestyle.

It is known that Zeynel Abidin, one of the prominent of the Rufai Sect, built a lodge, mosque and fountain in the environment where the tomb is today. Known as Imam Sultan in Kayseri, Zeynel Abidin died in Kayseri in 1414 and a modest mausoleum was built on the grave at the present place. II. In the time of Abdulhamit, in 1886, the existing tomb was built in the place where Zeynel Abidin's grave was located. The tomb is a square planned structure and is covered with a dome. There are two lines of couplets on all the windows of the building with three windows on each side. There is a sarcophagus of Zeynel Abidin in the middle of the tomb. In the building inscription on the entrance door of the building, it is engraved on an oval medallion. https://www.kayseri.bel.tr/kesfet-listeleme/zeynel-abidin-turbesi

Clock tower II. It was built in 1906 by Tavlusunlu Salih Usta with the order of Abdülhamit and the support of Kayseri Governor Haydar Bey. The rectangular space next to it was built as a clock room. The 15-meter high tower can be reached by spiral stairs. During the National Struggle period, Anadolu and Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemlığı were used as Kayseri Branch. There is a rectangular opening in the pointed pyramidal cone section covering the tower and a clock bell inside it. Constructed of cut stone, the structure is divided into three sections with transversely arranged mouldings. There are circular openings arranged for the clock on each side of the upper section. https://www.kayseri.bel.tr/kesfet-listeleme/saat-kulesi

Nestled in the charming Kasaba village of Yavuzeli, Gaziantep, stands a majestic Greek castle. This ancient fortress proudly overlooks where the Fırat River meets the Merzimen stream. Believed to have been constructed in 840 B.C. during the late Hittite period, this historic site whispers tales of a bygone era. Exploring the castle grounds, you'll find yourself transported back in time, imagining the stories and lives that once unfolded within these stone walls. The views from the castle are nothing short of breathtaking, offering a sweeping panorama of the surrounding landscape. Gaziantep itself is a city rich in history and culture, known for its exquisite cuisine and warm hospitality. While in the area, don't miss the opportunity to taste some of the local delicacies, like the world-famous Gaziantep baklava and succulent kebabs. Whether you're a history buff or just someone who appreciates stunning architecture, this Greek castle is a must-see. It's a place where the past and present beautifully intertwine, leaving visitors with a sense of wonder and a deeper appreciation for the stories etched into every stone.

In the city of Kahramanmaraş, one of the significant historical gems is the Hatuniye Mosque, dating back to the Ottoman period. This mosque is a testament to the rich cultural heritage that defines the region. Walking through its majestic halls, you can almost hear the whispers of history echoing in the air. Kahramanmaraş is not just about its historical sites. It's also renowned for its delicious ice cream, known as dondurma, which has a unique stretchy texture. Be sure to savor a scoop while exploring this fascinating city. The combination of tradition and flavor creates an unforgettable experience for any traveler.

The Ulu (Grand) Mosque, standing tall since the 15th century, is a significant historical gem in the region. Its age-old walls echo stories of the past, inviting you to imagine the lives and events that have unfolded within. As you walk through its ancient halls, you can almost feel the whisper of history in the air. The mosque is not just an architectural marvel; it's a testament to the area's rich cultural heritage. Visitors often find themselves captivated by its intricate designs and the serene atmosphere that envelops the entire site. If you're a history enthusiast or someone who simply appreciates stunning architecture, this is a must-visit spot.

Welcome to the oldest mosque in Gaziantep, a true gem of history and architecture. Built in 1357 by Boyacı Yusuf and Kadı Kemalettin, this mosque is a stunning example of Turkish Mamluk artistry. Its marble and tile decorations are nothing short of spectacular, each piece telling a story of its own. The wooden balcony here is particularly special. It's the oldest example of wooden craftsmanship in Gaziantep, featuring twelve-branched stars adorned with pelmet, rosette, and geometric motifs. As you explore this historic site, you'll be transported back in time. The mosque's serene atmosphere invites contemplation and wonder, a perfect spot to pause and appreciate the artistry that has stood the test of centuries. Take a moment to gaze up at the intricate designs on the ceiling; they’re a testament to the skilled artisans who once worked tirelessly to create such beauty. Plus, nearby, you'll find charming local cafes where you can savor traditional Turkish tea and pastries. This blend of history and culture makes a visit to Gaziantep's oldest mosque an unforgettable experience.

The former Turkish fortress Yeni-Kale, whose picturesque fragments stand on the coast in the eastern part of the city, is a valuable monument of architecture and is reckoned among the most interesting and symbolic attractions of Kerch. The powerful fort with original shapes was built by Turks in the early 18th century, during aggravation of the conflict between the Ottoman and the Russian empires, caused by longtime rivalry for dominance in the Black Sea. Fortress’s construction was supervised by an eminent Italian architect with assistance of French engineers. Built within several years, the fortifications were called Yeni-Kale, which means New Fortress in Turkish. Situated on the steep shore of the Kerch Bay’s narrowest part and armed with massive guns, the fort had a high strategic importance for Ottomans and brilliantly performed its primary function: prevented Russian Empire’s ships from moving in direction of the Azov Sea and the Black Sea. In addition, Yeni-Kale was a residence of the Turkish pasha. https://discover-ukraine.info/places/crimea/kerch/1409

Mount Mithridat rises majestically above the town, reaching almost one hundred meters high. It stands proudly as Kerch's main tourist attraction and an enduring symbol of the town. This remarkable spot is a fascinating blend of various historical and cultural eras, each leaving its mark through unique monuments scattered along the mountain's slopes and at its base. If you're up for a bit of adventure, the trek to the top is well worth the effort. You’ll be rewarded with breathtaking panoramic views that stretch far and wide. It’s a perfect spot for snapping some unforgettable photos, so don’t forget your camera. From ancient ruins to modern-day marvels, Mount Mithridat offers a captivating glimpse into the past while providing a serene escape from the hustle and bustle of daily life.

Step into Aleppo, a city that feels like a living museum, where the echoes of ancient civilizations whisper through its streets. As one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Aleppo is a treasure trove of history that stretches back over four millennia. The city's crown jewel is undoubtedly the Citadel of Aleppo, an architectural marvel that stands as a testament to its rich and intricate past. Exploring the Citadel is like peeling back layers of time. This fortress has seen empires rise and fall, and its walls have stories to tell from every era of Near Eastern history. The Citadel isn't just a relic of the past; it's a vibrant part of the city's present, with locals and visitors alike marveling at its grandeur. While you're wandering through Aleppo, take a moment to savor the aroma of its famous souks. The bustling markets are filled with the scent of exotic spices, handmade crafts, and the lively chatter of traders. Don’t miss trying some local delicacies; Aleppo is famous for its cuisine, which is as rich and diverse as its history. Whether you're a history buff or just someone who loves to explore new cultures, Aleppo offers a unique glimpse into a world where ancient and modern coexist in harmony. It's a place that invites you to walk its storied paths and become a part of its ongoing narrative.

One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Aleppo preserves remnants of more than four millennia of Near Eastern history. The Citadel of Aleppo is a densely layered microcosm of this long and complex history. The majority of the structures on the citadel were erected by the Ayyubids in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, but substantial structures are also preserved from the Ottoman period (beginning in the sixteenth century). The citadel was built on a natural limestone outcropping rising some 100 feet (30 meters) above the level of the surrounding plain. Its high walls, imposing entry bridge, and great gateway remain largely intact and dominate the skyline of the city. Within its walls, the fabric of the citadel’s inner spaces has been compromised by a succession of invasions, earthquakes, and natural decay caused by exposure to the elements. Recent excavations uncovered substantial remains of an important Bronze Age neo-Hittite temple, in use for the most part of the third and second millennia B.C. The temple is decorated with an elaborate system of reliefs that depict deities and fantastic creatures and that are an important addition to the record of this early period in Syria’s history. https://www.wmf.org/project/citadel-aleppo

The Great Mosque of Aleppo is situated in the center of the city. The construction of the building dates ta the Omayyad period. The building has, however, undergone numerous repairs and changes before taking its present form. it was built approximately 1 O years after the Damascus Omayyad Mosque, and as such, is one of the first buildings of the early period of Islamic architecture. The mosque is situated in a commercial district, with bazaars and several madrasas nearby. Several buildings belonging ta the pre-Islamic period, including a Roman temple and a Byzantine church, were located near the mosque, and their remains can be seen today. The mosque has been altered by many repairs and renovations. In 715, the Omayyad Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik commissioned the construction of a Friday Mosque on the site of a cathedral. Aleppo and its surroundings were attacked by the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros il in 926. The building, damaged as a result of this attack, was repaired by Seyfuddevle al-Hamadani in 965. lıWıen the Great Seljuks ruled the region, the Sultan Malik Shah commissioned an important restoration campaign, and also added the minaret to the mosque. Repair and renovation activities were carried out in 1090 during the reign of his brother Tutus. One of the oldest parts of the building is the minaret. The minaret, with a square body, is remarkable tor its Kufic inscription bands, stylized plant and Rumi decorations, and stalactites. http://www.selcuklumirasi.com/architecture-detail/aleppo-great-mosque#

The Great Umayyad Mosque stands as a stunning testament to the grandeur of Islamic civilization, radiating historical pride. This architectural marvel has significantly shaped the evolution of mosque architecture throughout the Muslim world. Its intricate design and majestic presence make it a must-see for anyone fascinated by history and culture. As you wander through its vast courtyards and admire the exquisite details of its structure, you'll be transported back in time. The mosque's walls echo stories of ancient times, and the atmosphere feels almost sacred. Did you know that the site was originally a temple dedicated to Jupiter before transforming into a church and finally a mosque? This rich history adds layers of depth to your visit, making it even more memorable.

The exact date of Ankara Castle's construction remains a mystery, though it's often attributed to the Hittites, who maintained a military presence in the area. However, this theory lacks solid archaeological backing. Nestled on a hill, the castle has stood its ground since ancient times, witnessing the eras of the Romans, Byzantines, and Seljuks. It's composed of an inner section at the hill's peak and an outer wall that wraps around the old city of Ankara, boasting about 20 towers. This outer fortification is like a guardian encircling the historic part of the city. Throughout history, Ankara Castle has seen its share of drama. In the 2nd century BC, after the Romans took over Galatia, which includes the Ankara region, the city expanded beyond the castle's boundaries. Roman Emperor Caracalla took action in 217 AD to repair the castle walls. Between 222 and 260 AD, the Persians defeated Emperors Severus Alexander and Valerian, leading to partial destruction of the fortress. The Romans later resumed repairs in the latter half of the 7th century. Emperor Constantine added an outer wall in 688, and by 740, Emperor Leo IV had reinforced the inner castle walls. The 9th century saw further restoration under Emperors Nikephoros and Basil. Today, exploring the castle offers a glimpse into a rich past, with each stone whispering tales of bygone eras. The panoramic views from the top are simply breathtaking, showcasing the sprawling modern city juxtaposed against its ancient roots. It's a must-visit for history buffs and anyone with a curious spirit.

The Temple of Augustus and Roma in Ankara is a fascinating relic from the ancient world. It was constructed after the Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus conquered Central Anatolia in 25 BCE. Back then, the city was known as Ancyra, and it became the capital of the newly established Province of Galatia. After Augustus passed away in 14 CE, a copy of his autobiography, "Deeds of the Divine Augustus," was inscribed on the temple walls in both Latin and Greek. While many such copies existed throughout the Roman Empire, the version found in Ankara, called the Monumentum Ancyranum, is one of the most well-preserved. This makes it an invaluable resource for historians studying that era. In the early 3rd century BCE, the Celtic people from Northern Europe made their way to the Anatolian highlands. Their journey took them through Macedonia and Greece, where the Greeks began referring to them as the Galatians. Interestingly, they didn't arrive in Asia Minor as invaders. Instead, they were invited by King Nikomedes I of Bithynia, who sought their help in his conflict against his brother, Zipoetes II. Today, Ankara is a bustling city where the ancient and modern worlds coexist. Visitors can explore the remnants of the temple and imagine the stories these stones could tell. It's a place where history feels alive, offering a unique window into the past while you stand amidst the hustle and bustle of contemporary life.

Ziraat Bank Museum is located in the Honor Hall of the Ziraat Bank Head Office Building, which was built by the Italian architect Giulio Mongeri between 1926-1929 and is one of the structures of the First National Architecture Period. It was opened on November 20, 1981, when the 118th anniversary of the bank was celebrated, by the Advisory Council President Şadi Irmak. It is the first bank museum in our country. Since its start, Turkey commercial banking system, economic, political, cultural, artistic and showing growth reached up to the present with educational exchange Ziraat Bank Museum, many antique objects used in hosting and banking systems of these properties are exhibited in a historical atmosphere. https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/ankara/gezilecekyer/tc-zraat-bankasi-muzes

Ethnography Museum of Ankara is the first museum of Turkish Rebuplic which was planned and built by the directive of Atatürk, the great leader. Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu, the architect of the building, is one of the most valuable architects of the Republican period. The architecture of the Ethnography Museum of Ankara reflects the characteristics of each period of Anatolia from the early ages to the Republic. The Museum which was opened to the public on 18th July 1930 and remained open until the date on November 1938 where the inner courtyard of the museum served as the temporary grave for Atatürk. The Ethnographic Museum of Ankara reopened its doors to the public, owing to the International Museums week, in 6th-14th October 1956. Ethnography Museum of Ankara contains a rich collection of works which reflect ethnographic aspects of all people lived in Anatolia At the museum, it is possible to see folk costumes, ornaments, Turkish-specific technical materials compiled from various regions of Anatolia as well as the finest examples of Ottoman calligraphic art, Turkish tile and glass art, metalworking art and wooden artefacts. Also exhibited at the Ethnography Museum is a collection of carpets and kilims from the famous carpet weaving centres of Uşak, Bergama, Kula, Milas, Ladik, Karaman, Niğde, and Kırşehir. The museum also has a specialized library on Anatolian ethnography and folklore, containing artefacts available related to the history of art. http://cagdasmuzebilim.ankara.edu.tr/en/ethnography-museum-of-ankara/

Before building of Anitkabir, Anittepe’s (Monument Hill ) name was Rasattepe (Observation Hill) because there was an observatory on this hill. There were also tumultuous (graves) belonging to Phrygian civilization of 3rd Century BC on this hill. Archaeological excavations took place to remove these tombs after the decision was given to build Anitkabir on Rasattepe. Remains found on these excavations are on display in the museum of Anatolian Civilizations. The first stage to start the construction was the expropriation of the land after deciding on the Anitkabir project. Actual construction of Anitkabir commenced on 9 October 1944 with a splendid ceremony by laying the first stone of the foundation. Construction of Anitkabir took nine years in four stages. Second stage construction, comprising the mausoleum and the auxiliary buildings surrounding the ceremonial ground, started on 29 September 1945 and completed on 8 August 1950. The third stage was comprising the construction of the roads leading to the mausoleum, Lions’ alley, ceremonial ground, the mausoleum’s upper-level stone pavement, grand stairs, putting the big tomb stone in its place and installation of electricity, plumbing and heating systems. https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-103960/ankara---anitkabir-ataturks-mausoleum.html

Sultan Han Caravanserai is located in the Sultan Hani District of Bünyan District, located on the 46th km of Kayseri-Sivas road. The neighbourhood got its name from this work. It was built between 1232-1236 during the reign of Seljuk Sultan Alaeddin Keykubat I. It is one of the best examples of the Seljuk architect style. Very smooth cut stone was used on the body walls. The joints are very uniform and show a structure called "not to flow". The arch built with the alternating use of beige and brownstone attracts attention at the crown gate of the courtyard. Depending on the stone material, decorations with relief and carving techniques can be seen in the crown doors, two corner towers and Köşk Mescit. https://www.kayseri.bel.tr/kesfet-listeleme/sultan-hani-kervansarayi

Heidarzadeh Edifice stands proudly as one of Tabriz's most stunning historical homes. Built around 1870, this two-story marvel features both private and public courtyards, sprawling across a 900 square meter area. The architecture is a beautiful blend of traditional Persian style with intricate details that captivate the eye. As you wander through its halls, you'll be transported back in time, imagining the stories that the walls could tell. The house serves not only as a reminder of the past but also as a testament to the craftsmanship and artistry of its era. If you ever find yourself in Tabriz, visiting this gem is a must—it offers a unique peek into the rich cultural heritage of the region.

Nestled in the southeast of Tabriz, El Guli Park is a stunning gem in Iran's collection of natural wonders. While the exact date of its inception and the identity of its founder remain a mystery, clues from the Safavid and Aq Qoyunlu periods offer tantalizing hints at its historical roots. This park isn't just about history; it's a delightful escape for anyone craving a breath of fresh air and a splash of nature. The centerpiece is a serene lake, perfect for a peaceful afternoon stroll. Picture yourself wandering along tree-lined paths, surrounded by lush greenery. The park is also a favorite among locals, who love to gather here for picnics and leisurely walks. It’s a fantastic spot for people-watching and soaking up the local culture. If you’re visiting in spring, the blooming flowers add a riot of colors, making it even more enchanting.

The Mevlevi Dergahı, or Dervish Lodge, along with its mausoleum, opened its doors as a museum back in 1926, proudly taking the name Konya Museum of Historical Works. Fast forward to 1954, and the museum got a fresh update with a new display style and a new name: the Mevlevi Museum. Nestled in the heart of Konya, this museum offers visitors a unique glimpse into the world of the Whirling Dervishes, a fascinating aspect of Turkish culture. It's a place where history and spirituality converge, captivating the imagination of anyone who steps through its doors. The museum's collection includes a variety of artifacts that tell the story of the Mevlevi Order, making it a must-see for history buffs and curious travelers alike.

One of the renowned mosques in Konya is a must-see for anyone visiting this enchanting city. Nestled in the heart of Turkey, Konya offers a blend of rich history and spiritual serenity. The mosques here are not just places of worship; they're architectural marvels that tell stories of the past. You can feel the pulse of history as you wander through the intricate designs and ornate details that adorn these sacred spaces. Konya is famous for its connection to the great Sufi mystic, Rumi, and visiting the mosques provides a deeper understanding of his teachings and the spiritual heritage of the region. While you're there, take a moment to savor the local cuisine, which reflects the area's cultural diversity. Don't miss the chance to try a traditional Turkish tea, which pairs perfectly with the warm hospitality you'll encounter in this captivating city.

In 1941, the Turkish Historical Society uncovered some fascinating secrets beneath the soil. Their archaeological digs revealed that the first settlement on this hill dates all the way back to 3000 BC, during the Early Bronze Age. Imagine standing on a spot that has been home to so many different cultures over the centuries! This hill continued to be a bustling hub through various periods: Phrygian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk, and Ottoman. Each era left its unique mark, weaving a rich history that's hard to resist exploring. Today, visitors can stroll through layers of history, feeling the whispers of ancient civilizations underfoot. The area offers a unique blend of past and present, where old-world charm meets the modern hustle and bustle. It's not just a site for history buffs; there's a certain magic in knowing you're walking the same paths as countless others over thousands of years. Whether you're sipping Turkish tea at a nearby café or snapping photos of the stunning architecture, the hill offers a captivating glimpse into Turkey's diverse cultural heritage.

The Monastery of St. Barnabas is at the opposite side of the Salamis-Famagusta road, by the Royal Tombs. You can easily tell it by its two fairly large domes. It was built to commemorate the foremost saint of Cyprus, whose life was so intertwined with the spread of the Christian message in the years immediately following the death of Christ. http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/city/famagusta/stbarnabas/index.html

The cathedral of St. Nicholas / Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque is the largest medieval building in Famagusta and was commenced in 1300 AD. It must be noted that the great cathedrals of the Middle Ages often took more than 100 years to complete, so was St. Nicholas was completed about 1400. http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/city/famagusta/lala/index.html

The museum first welcomed visitors in 1967. Initially, it showcased both archaeological and ethnographic exhibits. However, following the design and incorporation of the Atatürk House and Museum, it was rebranded as the Alanya Archaeological Museum in 2010. Nestled in the heart of Alanya, this museum offers a fascinating glimpse into Turkey's rich history. The collection includes artifacts from the Bronze Age, as well as Roman and Byzantine relics. One of the standout pieces is a bronze statue of Hercules, which has drawn admirers from around the world. The museum's garden is also a lovely spot, filled with ancient columns and sculptures, perfect for a leisurely stroll. If you find yourself in Alanya, this museum is definitely worth a visit for a unique blend of history and culture.

Discovered by chance in 1948 during the construction of Alanya harbor, this cave has an intriguing history. It became one of Turkey's pioneering tourist attractions soon after its opening. Today, visitors can marvel at its stunning formations and enjoy the cool, natural air inside, which is said to be beneficial for respiratory health. Located in the heart of Alanya, it's a must-see stop for anyone exploring this beautiful coastal town. The cave's fascinating stalactites and stalagmites, formed over thousands of years, are a testament to nature's artistry.

One of the symbols of Alanya – the Alanya castle over the rocky peninsula in the middle of the city. The fortress that you can see today is a remain of 13th century Seljuk fortress built after the conquest of Alanya in 1220 by Alaeddin Keykubat I. However, the very first fortifications have most probably been built by pirates occupying the peninsula in 3rd century BC and later replaced and improved into Byzantine and Roman fortifications over the centuries. The latest Seljuk Alanya castle is app. 250m over the sea level and its walls have great 6,5km in length. There used to be 140 towers along the walls and around 400 cisterns in the castle. The fortifications formed three separated divisions – one for the sultan and his family, one for the army and one for the ordinary people. During the Ottoman era, the Alanya castle was used only for defensive purposes and there were many private villas built within the fortress in the 19th century. http://www.visitalanya.com/discover-alanya-castle/

Kyrenia Castle is located near the harbour, which is horse shoe shaped. It was originally built by the Romans in the Third century to defend the city, which was located up on the hillside. In the Tenth century, the Byzantines then further enhanced the shape of the castle in order to protect the people of the city from Arab pirates. http://www.kyreniacastle.com/kyrenia.php

Conservation works to the Archangelos Michael Church in Turkish occupied Lefkoniko have been completed. On the October 12, a project completion ceremony of consolidation and conservation works will take place, the Technical Committee on Cultural Heritage, the European Commission and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have announced. Archangelos Michael Church was included as a conservation project among the very first priorities of the Technical Committee on Cultural Heritage in 2009 together with Arnavut Mosque in Limassol in recognition of the importance of both monuments. http://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/11/archangelos-michael-church-project-completed/

Bellapais Abbey is located in the hillside, 6 miles South East of Kyrenia. The Abbey is the best example of Gothic architecture in Cyprus, as well as being ones of the finest in the Middle East. Built by the Lusignans, the first settlers in Bellapais Abbey were the Agustinas Monks, who escaped from Jerusalem in late Twelth century. http://www.kyreniacastle.com/kyrenia.php